Komaki, H., production de proteins par 29 souches de microorganismes et
augmentation du potassium en milieu de culture sodique sans potassium. Revue
de Pathologie Comparee, 1967. 67: p. 213.
Coauthors:
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation
Komaki, H., Formation de protines et variations minerales par des
microorganismes en milieu de culture, sort avec or sans potassium, sort avec ou
sans phosphore. Revue de Pathologie Comparee, 1969. 69: p. 83.
Coauthors:
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation
Komaki, H. and C.L. Kervran. Experiences de Komaki, Premiere Serie de
Recherches. in Preuves en biologie de transmutations a faible energie.
1975. Maloine, S. A. , Paris.
Coauthors: Kervran, C. L.
Category: Miscellaneous
Keywords:
Komaki, H. Observations on the Biological Cold Fusion or the
Biological Transformation of Elements. in Third International Conference
on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal
Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
Coauthors:
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation, ICCF-3
Komaki, H. An Approach to the Probable Mechanism of the Non-Radioactive
Biological Cold Fusion or So-Called Kervran Effect (Part 2). in Fourth
International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power
Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Coauthors:
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation, ICCF-4
Title : Energy Development from
Elemental Transmutations in Biological Systems.
Descriptive Note : Final rept. Dec 77-Apr 78,
Corporate Author : ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
COMMAND FORT BELVOIR VA
Personal Author(s) : Goldfein,S.
Report Date : MAY 1978
Pagination or Media Count : 24
Abstract : The purpose of the study was to determine
whether recent disclosures of elemental transmutations occurring in biological
entities have revealed new possible sources of energy. The works of Kervran,
Komaki, and others were surveyed; and it was concluded that, granted the
existence of such transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca, and Mn to Fe), then a net
surplus of energy was also produced. A proposed mechanism was described in which
Mg adenosine triphosphate, located in the mitochondrion of the cell, played a
double role as an energy producer. In addition to the widely accepted
biochemical role of MgATP in which it produces energy as it disintegrates part
by part, MgATP can also be considered to be a cyclotron on a molecular scale.
The MgATP when placed in layers one atop the other has all the attributes of a
cyclotron in accordance with the requirements set forth by E. O. Lawrence,
inventor of the cyclotron. It was concluded that elemental transmutations were
indeed occurring in life organisms and were probably accompanied by a net energy
gain. (Author)
CELLS (BIOLOGY), CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, ENERGY
CONVERSION, METABOLISM, TRANSMUTATION, ADENOSINES, EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS,
MITOCHONDRIA, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Bibliographic Code:
1978army.reptR....G
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine whether recent disclosures of
elemental transmutations occurring in biological entities have revealed new
possible sources of energy. The works of Kervran, Komaki, and others were
surveyed; and it was concluded that, granted the existence of such
transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca, and Mn to Fe), then a net surplus of energy
was also produced. A proposed mechanism was described in which Mg adenosine
triphosphate, located in the mitochondrion of the cell, played a double role as
an energy producer. In addition to the widely accepted biochemical role of MgATP
in which it produces energy as it disintegrates part by part, MgATP can also be
considered to be a cyclotron on a molecular scale. The MgATP when placed in
layers one atop the other has all the attributes of a cyclotron in accordance
with the requirements set forth by E. O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. It
was concluded that elemental transmutations were indeed occurring in life
organisms and were probably accompanied by a net energy gain.
The book presents
the results of complex experimental and theoretical studies of effective nuclear
synthesis and transmutation of stable and radioactive isotopes in growing
biological systems. These nuclear processes are examined from three different
points of view as totality of experimental facts of low energy transmutation of
isotopes in growing systems, as a process analyzed from the laws and perspective
of nuclear science, and as a process studied from the point of view of
biochemistry of live systems.
About the Author:
Professor Vladimir I. Vysotskii is Head of Department of
Theoretical Radiophysics at Kiev National Shevchenko University, Ukraine. He has
published 5 books and more than 250 articles and patents on radiation physics,
laser physics, nuclear physics, physics of extreme states (including
cavitations, shock waves and the problem of stability and collapse of a matter),
gamma-Ray and X-Ray optics, molecular biophysics and radiation biology. He is
active member of different International Academies and Societies.
Dr. Alla Kornilova is senior scientific researcher at physical faculty of
Lomonosov`s Moscow State University and director of Innovation
scientific-educational center of physical faculty of the same university. She
has published 3 books and numerous articles and patents on solid physics at high
pressure, physics of cavitation phenomena, X-Ray optics, medical physics,
biophysics and radiation biology. She is active member of Russian Academy of
Natural science.
Contains results of experiments on performing controlled nuclear
synthesis of isotopes
in growing microbiological cultures.
Theoretical models which explain the possibility of highly efficient
nuclear reactions
in growing biological systems are presented.
Text is presented in both Russian and English.
Contents
Chapter 1. Foreword
Chapter 2. The issue and the history of the effect of chemical elements
transmutation in biological systems
Chapter 3. The isotopic content and the impact of isotopes from biosystems
Chapter 4. Experimental study of transmutation of isotopes and chemical elements
in microbiological systems
4.1. Choosing experimental methodology and bilolgical object used
4.2. Comprehensive study of controlled transmutation of isotopes in fast growing
biological cultures using the Messbauer and mass-spectrometry methods
4.2.1. Study of isotopic transmutation in microbiological cultures using the
Messbauer spectrometry method
4.2.2. Study of controlled transmutation of light and intermediate isotopes in a
growing microbiological culture using the laser time-of-light mass-spectrometer
4.3. Monitoring and mass-spectrometry analysis of controlled transmutation of
isotopes with middle-range atomic-range atomic numbers in a growing culture
4.3.1. Experimental methodology and procedures
4.3.2. Results and discussions
4.4. Observing transmutation of heavy isotopes and studying methods of
controlling transmutation processes in growing microbiological cultures
4.4.1. Catalytic effect of cesium on effectiveness of nuclear transformation of
medium and heavy isotropes in a growing biological culture
4.4.2. Detection oftransmutation of heavy isotopes in growing biological
cultures
4.4.3. Study of the combined effect of Sr, Cl and S on efficiency of the process
of transmutation in biological cultures
Chapter 5. Physical aspects of the process of low temperature transmutation of
isotopes in biological systems
5.1. Low energy non-threshold nuclear reactions of synthesis with participation
of charged particles
5.2. The ?cold nuclear synthesis? phenomenon
5.2.1.Accelerating models
5.2.2. Reducing the Coulomb barrier through reflection of electrons
5.2.3. Coherent and interference effects involving lattice
5.2.4. Fermi and Bose nuclei condensation
5.2.5. Reactions stimulated by lattice phonons
5.2.6. Exotic chemistry
5.2.7. Catalysis by heavy (transmuonic) particles
5.2.8. Reactions under the influence of neutrons
5.2.9. Peculiar nuclear effects
5.3. Distinctive features of producing the ?cold nuclear synthesis? phenomenon
in bilogical systems
5.3.1. Is there a distinctive mechanism of producing low temperature nuclear
synthesis in biological systems?
5.3.2. Potential mechanism of non-barrier nuclear synthesis in optimal potential
quantum wells in the non-stationary mode
5.3.3. Possible scenario of running barrier-less nuclear synthesis in growing
biological systems
Chapter 6. Essential biochemical factors of the process of transmutation of
isotopes in biological systems
6.1. Elementary constitution of biological objects and the problem of controlled
synthesis in a growing culture
6.2. Specific features of microorganismsinteraction with metals
6.2.1 Metals mobilization
6.2.2. Immobilizing of metals
6.2.3. Accumulation of metals
6.3. Biological significance of microorganismsinteraction with metals
6.4. Adaptation of biological objects, microelementsanalogy and synthesis of
isotopes -patterns of biological evolution
6.5. DNA restoration and the problem of transmutation of isotopes
6.6. Adaptation of biological objects, analogy of microelements and synthesis of
isotopes - the rule of biological evolution.
Chapter 7. Prospects and possible methods of using the phenomenon of
transmutation of isotopes in biological systems
7.1. Using the phenomenon of transmutation of isotopes for prevention and
treatment of illnesses, etiologically caused by deficit of microelements
7.2. Obtaining rare light and heavy stable isotopes by biotechnological methods,
based on the phenomenon of transmutation of isotopes
7.3. On the possibility of radioactive waste utilization using the effect of
transmutation of isotopes in biological systems
7.3.1. Reaction of utilization of long-living isotope Sr-90
7.3.2. Reaction of utilization of radioisotope Zr-95
7.3.3. Reaction of utilization of Nb-95
7.3.4. Reactions of utilization of highly active isotopes Ru-103 and Ru-106
7.3.5. Reactions of utilizations of highly active nuclei of Sb-125
7.3.6. Reactions of utilization of highly active isotope I-131
7.3.7. Reactions of utilization of highly active isotope Co-60, used in
metrology and flaw detection
7.3.8. Utilization of highly active isotope Kr-85
7.3.9. Utilization of highly active isotope Sc-46
7.3.10. Utilization of highly active istope Mn-54
7.3.11. Utilization of highly active isotope Ar-39
7.3.12 Utilization of highly active isotope S-35
7.4. Conclusion
Literature
Literature in Russian.
The book presents the results of combined (Mössbauer and
mass-spectroscopy) examinations of stable isotope transmutation processes in
growing microbiological cultures.
In this book the processes of transmutation of different
stable isotopes in growing biological systems are examined from three different
points of view — as the totality of experimental facts of low temperature
isotopes transmutation, as a nuclear science based process, and as a process
studied from of biochemistry of live systems. For the first time the
experimental observation and study of low-energy nuclear transmutation of light
(p 1, d 2), intermediate (Na 23, P 31, Mn 55, Fe 54, Fe 57) and heavy (Sc 133,
Ba 134) mass isotopes were carried out in growing microbiological cultures
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and yeast culture Saccharomyces
cerevisiae with controlled conditions of growth. The rate of these isotopes
transmutation equals 10 -8 s -1.
The physical mechanism of non-barrier nuclear interaction in
optimal non-stationary microcavities in growing biological objects is discussed.
The biological reasons of nuclear fusion in growing systems are also
investigated in details.
A lot of possible applications of the phenomenon of isotope
transmutation (including the problems of obtaining of rare light and heavy
stable isotopes and the possibility of radioactive waste utilization) are
discussed.
Prof. V.I. Vysotskii received his PhD (theoretical
Physics) from Kiev Institute of theoretical physics of Ukrainian Academy of
Science in 1975. He has also received the additional Habilitus degree in
Theoretical Physics, and Solid State physics from Kiev National Shevchenko
University in 1992. Since 1992 he has been a Full Professor in the Kiev National
Shevchenko University. His research interest include topics in laser Physics
(including X-Ray and Gamma-Ray lasers), Nuclear Physics - creation of abnormal
nuclei, stability of nuclear matter, nuclear fusion, Nuclear Astrophysics -
neutron and proton stars, Supernova gravitation collapse, biophysics. Prof.
Vysotskii has published more than 150 articles in referred journals, including
three books: 1-Gamma-Ray Lasers (1989), 2- Nuclear Fusion and transmutation of
Isotopes in Biological Systems, (2003), 3- Introduction to Biophysics of
Activated Water, (2005).
Vysotskii, V. and R. Kuz'min. On Possibility of Non-Barrier DD-Fusion in
Volume of Boiling D2O During Electrolysis. in Fourth International
Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research
Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Coauthors: Kuz'min, R.
Category: Theory
Keywords: theory, bubble, ICCF-4
Vysotskii, V., A.A. Kornilova, and I.I. Samoylenko, Experimental discovery
and investigation of the phenomenon of nuclear transmutation of isotopes in
growing biological cultures. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(10): p. 63.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Samoylenko, I. I.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation
Vysotskii, V., et al. Direct Observation and Experimental Investigation of
the Process of Gamma-Decay Controlling in Quantum Nucleonics. in 8th
International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy:
Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Sorokin, A. A., Komisarova, V. A., Reiman, S. I.,
Riasnii, G. K.
Category: Theory
Keywords: half-life, radioactivity, gamma emission, theory ICCF-8
Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation and Study of Comtrolled
Transmutation of Intermediate Mass Isotopes in Growing Biological Cultures.
in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia),
Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Samoylenko, I. I., Zykov, G. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation, ICCF-8
Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation and Study of Controlled
Transmutation of Intermediate Mass Isotopes in Growing Biological Cultures.
in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia),
Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Samoylenko, I. I., Zykov, G. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation, ICCF-8
Vysotskii, V., et al., Observation and mass-spectrometry. Study of controlled
transmutation of intermediate mass isotopes in growing biological cultures.
Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36): p. 64.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Samoylenko, I. I., Zyhov, G. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation
Vysotskii, V., et al., Observation and mass-spectrometry. Study of controlled
transmutation of intermediate mass isotopes in growing biological cultures.
Infinite Energy, 2001. 6(36): p. 64.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Samoylenko, I. I., G., Zyhov. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological, transmutation
Vysotskii, V., et al. Successful Experiments On Utilization Of High-Activity
Waste In The Process Of Transmutation In Growing Associations Of Microbiological
Cultures. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003.
Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Coauthors: Shevel, V., Tashirev, A., Kornilova, A. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: transmutation, biological, nuclear waste remediation
The problem of utilization of high-activity waste by effect of nuclear
transmutation in growing associations of microbiological cultures was study. For
the first time we have observed utilization of several kinds of highly active
isotopes in the volume of distilled water extracted from first contour of
water-water atomic reactor to nonradioactive nuclei.
Vysotskii, V., et al. The Theory And Experimental Investigation Of Controlled
Spontaneous Conversion Nuclear Decay Of Radioactive Isotopes. in Tenth
International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Perfiliev, Y., Kulikov, L.
Category: Theory
Keywords:
This paper paper discusses the theory and results of a direct
experimental investigation into the control of internal electron conversion
channels of radioactive isotopes' spontaneous decay. This occurs by controlling
the action of an oriented crystal matrix on the motion of conversion electrons.
The same effect takes place at any beta-processes (including at decay of a
neutron with an emission of electrons and neutrino). It was shown that
parameters of internal electron conversion decay greatly depended on the
structure of the crystal matrix and on the distance between the excited nucleus
and the crystal matrix.
Vysotskii, V., et al. Experiments On Controlled Decontamination Of Water
Mixture Of Long-Lived Active Isotopes In Biological Cells. in Eleventh
International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004.
Marseille, France.
Coauthors: Odintsov, A., Pavlovich, V., Tashirev, A., Kornilova, A. A.
Category: Miscellaneous
Keywords:
Vysotskii, V. and A.A. Kornilova. The Spatial Structure Of Water And
The Problem Of Controlled Low Energy Nuclear Reactions In Water Matrix. in
Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science.
2004. Marseille, France.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A.
Category: Theory
Keywords: theory
Ordinary water has a number of unique features, among which there are its stable
spatial structure and long-term memory.Numerous experiments confirm the
existence of water memory, which is activated under the influence of various
physical fields (e.g., magnetic field, mechanical impact, abrupt temperature or
pressure change) and may store information about such influence for many hours
and days. Such activated water has altered physical and chemical (including
biochemical) features. An increasing number of reliable experiments show that
the continuous model is inadequate for describing the structure of water.
Vysotskii, V., et al. Experimental Observation And Combined Investigation Of
High-Performance Fusion Of Iron-Region Isotopes In Optimal Growing
Microbiological Associations. in The 12th International Conference on
Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
Coauthors: Kornilova, A. A., Tashirev, A., Kornilova, J.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: biological transmutation
Kornilova, A.A., V.I. Vysotskii, and G.A. Zykov. Investigation of combined
influence of Sr, Cl and S on the effectiveness of nuclear transmutation of Fe-54
isotope in biological cultures. in The 9th International Conference on
Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ.,
Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
Coauthors: Vysotskii, V. I., Zykov, G. A.
Category: Experiment other
Keywords: ICCF-9, biological, Fe, transmutation
SPAWAR's mission is to provide the warfighter with knowledge superiority by
developing, delivering, and maintaining effective, capable and integrated
command, control, communications, computer, intelligence and surveillance
systems. And, while our name and organizational structure have changed
several times over the years, our basic mission of helping the Navy
communicate and share critical information has not. SPAWAR provides
information technology and space systems for today's Navy and Defense
Department activities while planning and designing for the future.
A new official report just out, prepared by the U.S. Navy, is strongly
supportive of cold fusion research:
TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002
Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
(In two volumes)
A new official report prepared by the U.S. Navy strongly supports cold fusion
research and its funding:
TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002
Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
It is a public document with unlimited distribution. Because of its importance,
we are posting below some of the introductory material in each of the report's
two volumes. The full report is available on the internet in two electronic
formats:
We wish to highlight a crucial statement from the Foreword to the report:
"As I write this Foreword, California is experiencing rolling blackouts due to
power shortages. Conventional engineering, planned ahead, could have prevented
these blackouts, but it has been politically expedient to ignore the inevitable.
We do not know if Cold Fusion will be the answer to future energy needs, but we
do know the existence of Cold Fusion phenomenon through repeated observations by
scientists throughout the world. It is time that this phenomenon be investigated
so that we can reap whatever benefits accrue from additional scientific
understanding. It is time for government funding organizations to invest in this
research.
Dr. Frank E. Gordon, Head
Navigation and Applied Sciences Department
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego"
Again, because of its national and international significance, we present here
the initial material of Volume 1 in its entirety:
TECHNICAL REPORT 1862 February 2002
Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
Volume 1: A Decade of Research at Navy Laboratories
S. Szpak, P. A. Mosier-Boss, Editors
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited SPAWAR Systems Center San
Diego, SSC San Diego San Diego, CA 92152-5001
P.A. Miller, CAPT, USN Commanding Officer R.C. Kolb, Executive Director
Administrative Information
The work described in this report was performed for the Office of Naval Research
through the collaboration of Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC
San Diego); the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake; and the
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Released by G.W. Anderson, Head, Applied
Research and Technology Branch, Under authority of R.H. Moore, Head,
Environmental Sciences Division.
Contributing authors (in alphabetical order): Dr. Pamela A. Mosier-Boss (Spawar
Systems Center San Diego), Dr. Scott R. Chubb (Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, DC), Professor Martin Fleischmann, F.R.S.,United Kingdom, Dr. M.
Ashraf Imam, Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, DC, Dr. Melvin H. Miles,
Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreeboro, TN, Dr.
Stanislaw Szpak, San Diego, CA.
Foreword
Twelve years have passed since the announcement on 23 March 1989 by Professors
Fleischmann and Pons that the generation of excess enthalpy occurs in
electrochemical cells when palladium electrodes, immersed in D2O +
LiOH electrolyte, are negatively polarized. The announcement, which came to be
known as "Cold Fusion," caused frenzied excitement. In both the scientific and
news communities, fax machines were used to pass along fragments of rumor and
"facts." (Yes, this was before wide spread use of the internet. One can only
imagine what would happen now.) Companies and individuals rushed to file patents
on yet to be proven ideas in hopes of winning the grand prize. Unfortunately,
the phenomenon described by Fleischmann and Pons was far from being understood
and even factors necessary for repeatability of the experiments were unknown.
Over the next few months, the scientific community became divided into the
"believers" and the "skeptics." The "believers" reported the results of their
work with enthusiasm that at times overstated the significance of their results.
On the other hand, many "skeptics" rejected the anomalous behavior of the
polarized Pd/D system as a matter of conviction, i.e. without analyzing the
presented material and always asking "where are the neutrons?" Funding or
research quickly dried up as anything related to "Cold Fusion" was portrayed as
a hoax and not worthy of funding. The term "Cold Fusion" took on a new
definition much as the Ford Edsel had done years earlier.
By the Second International Conference on Cold Fusion, held at Villa Olmo, Como,
Italy, in June/July 1991, the altitude toward Cold Fusion was beginning to take
on a more scientific basis. The number of flash-in-the-pan "believers" had
diminished, and the "skeptics" were beginning to be faced with having to explain
the anomalous phenomenon, which by this time had been observed by many credible
scientists throughout the world. Shortly after this conference, the Office of
Naval Research (ONR) proposed a collaborative effort involving the Naval
Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division, which
subsequently has become the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC
San Diego); the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake; and the
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The effort's basic premise was to investigate
the anomalous effects associated with the prolonged charging of the Pd/D system
and "to contribute in collegial fashion to a coordinated tri-laboratory
experiment."
Each laboratory took a different area of research. At San Diego, our goal was to
understand the conditions that initiate the excess heat generation (the
Fleischmann-Pons effect) and the search for evidence that indicates their
nuclear origin. To eliminate the long incubation times (often weeks), Drs. Stan
Szpak and Pam Boss decided to prepare the palladium electrodes by the
co-deposition technique. Initially, they concentrated on tritium production and
the monitoring of emanating radiation. More recently, they extended their effort
to monitoring surface temperature via IR imaging technique and showed the
existence of discrete heat sources randomly distributed in time and space. This
discovery may prove to be a significant contribution to the understanding of the
phenomenon.
At China Lake, Dr. Miles and his collaborators showed that a correlation exists
between the rate of the excess enthalpy generation and the quantity of helium in
the gas stream. Such a correlation is the direct evidence of the nuclear origin
of the Fleischmann-Pons effect.
The research at NRL was directed toward the metallurgy of palladium and its
alloys and the theoretical aspects of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. In
particular, Dr. Imam prepared Pd/B alloys that Dr. Miles used in calorimetric
experiments. It was shown that these alloys yielded reproducible excess enthalpy
generation with minimal incubation times (approximately 1 day). The theoretical
work of Dr. Chubb contributed much to our understanding of the Fleischmann-Pons
effect.
Although funding for Cold Fusion ended several years ago, progress in
understanding the phenomenon continues at a much slower pace, mostly through the
unpaid efforts of dedicated inquisitive scientists. In preparation of this
report the authors spent countless hours outside of their normal duties to
jointly review their past and current contributions, including the "hidden"
agenda that Professor Fleischmann pursued for several years in the 1980s when he
was partially funded by ONR. Special thanks are extended to all scientists who
have worked under these conditions, including those who contributed to this
report and especially to Professor Fleischmann.
As I write this Foreword, California is experiencing rolling blackouts due to
power shortages. Conventional engineering, planned ahead, could have prevented
these blackouts, but it has been politically expedient to ignore the inevitable.
We do not know if Cold Fusion will be the answer to future energy needs, but we
do know the existence of Cold Fusion phenomenon through repeated observations by
scientists throughout the world. It is time that this phenomenon be investigated
so that we can reap whatever benefits accrue from additional scientific
understanding. It is time for government funding organizations to invest in this
research.
Dr. Frank E. Gordon, Head Navigation and Applied Sciences Department
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego
Table of Contents (Volume 1) 1. The Emergence of Cold Fusion- S. Szpak and P. A. Mosier-Boss
2. Events in a Polarized Pd+D Electrode Prepared by Co-deposition Technique - S.
Szpak and P. A. Mosier-Boss
3. Excess Heat and Helium Production in Palladium and Palladium Alloys - Melvin
H. Miles
4. Analysis of Experiment MC-21: A Case Study
Part I: Development of Diagnostic Criteria
Part II: Application of Diagnostic Criteria - S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, M.H.
Miles, M.A. Imam and M. Fleischmann
5. An Overview of Cold Fusion Theory - Scott Chubb
Appendix: Listing of Publications/Presentations Related to Cold Fusion by Navy
Laboratories
Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System
Volume 2: Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry
Foreword
The calorimetry of any electrochemical cell involves two type of activities:
data collection and data evaluation. The required data are the cell
potential-time and cell temperature-time series. The evaluation is based on
conservation laws subject to constraints dictated by cell design and the adapted
experimental procedure.
Volume 2 of this report deals with the modeling and simulation of the Dewar-type
calorimeter. It was written by Professor Fleischmann to provide an authoritative
discussion of the calorimetry of electrochemical cells. The emphasis is on the
interpretation of data and the accuracy of the determination of the excess
enthalpy generation via the appropriate selection of heat transfer coefficients.
The discussion of the calorimetry of the Dewar-type cells is presented in the
form of technical report for a number of reasons, among them: (i) its length
would likely prohibit publication in topical journals, (ii) to clarify
misunderstandings regarding the principles of calorimetry as applied to
electrochemical cell in general and to the cell employed by Fleischmann and his
collaborators, in particular.
- S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss, eds.
Table of Contents (Volume 2) Introduction - Symbols Used 1. The Evolution of the Icarus Data Evaluation Strategies.
2. Definition of the Heat Transfer Coefficients.
3.Differential Equations Governing the Behavior of the Calorimeters: Simulations
of the Temperature-Time Series.
4. Specification of the Icarus-1 Experimental Protocols and Data Evaluation
Procedures.
5. Evaluation of the "Raw Data" Generated Using the Simulation Described in
Section 4.
6. Evaluation of a Measurement Cycle for a "Blank Experiment" Using an Icarus-2
System.
7. Assessment of the Specification of the Icarus-1 Experimental Protocols and
Data Evaluation Procedures.
Published in the May 2002 Popular Mechanics issue.
Researchers claim they have used common lab equipment to create
fusion--the process that powers the sun. Unlike so-called "cold fusion,"
the new process relies upon an accepted physical phenomenon known as
sonoluminescence ("Hot Sounds," Feb. 1998, page 40).The experiments,
conducted by American and Russian scientists at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory in Tennessee, used high-frequency sound to create and rapidly
collapse neutron-bombarded bubbles in a mixture of acetone and
deuterium.Scientists are divided as to whether the phenomenon can be
scaled up to produce useful amounts of power.
We proposed a new mechanism of LENR: cooperative processes in whole system -
nuclei+atoms+condensed matter can occur at smaller threshold then corresponding
ones on free constituents. The cooperative processes can be induced and enhanced
by low energy external fields. The excess heat is the emission of internal
energy and transmutations at LENR are the result of redistribution inner energy
of whole system.
We proposed a new mechanism of LENR: cooperative processes in whole system -
nuclei+atoms+condensed matter can occur at smaller threshold energies then
corresponding ones on free constituents. The cooperative processes can be
induced and enhanced by low energy external fields. The excess heat is the
emission of internal energy and transmutations at LENR are the result of
redistribution inner energy of whole system.
The review of possible stimulation mechanisms of LENR (low energy nuclear
reaction) is represented. We have concluded that transmutation of nuclei at low
energies and excess heat are possible in the framework of the modern physical
theory - the universal resonance synchronization principle [1] and based on its
different enhancement mechanisms of reaction rates are responsible for these
processes [2]. The excitation and ionization of atoms may play role as a trigger
for LENR. Superlow energy of external fields may stimulate LENR [3].
Investigation of this phenomenon requires knowledge of different branches of
science: nuclear and atomic physics, chemistry and electrochemistry, condensed
matter and solid state physics,... The results of this research field can
provide a new source of energy, substances and technologies. The puzzle of poor
reproducibility of experimental data is due to the fact that LENR occurs in open
systems and it is extremely sensitive to parameters of external fields and
systems. Classical reproducibility principle should be reconsidered for LENR
experiments. Poor reproducibility and unexplained results do not means that the
experiment is wrong. Our main conclusions:
Abstract The human hypothalmus produces an endogenous membrane Na+-K+
ATPase inhibitor, digoxin. A digoxin induced model of cellular/neuronal quantal
state and perception has been described by the authors. Biological transmutation
has been described in microbial systems in the quantal state. The study focuses
on the plasma levels of digoxin, RBC membrane Na+-K+
ATPase activity, plasma levels of magnesium and lithium in neuropsychiatric and
systemic disorders. Inhibition of RBC membrane Na+-K+
ATPase activity was observed in most cases along with an increase in the levels
of serum digoxin and lithium and a decrease in the level of serum Mg++.
The generation of endogenous lithium would obviously occur due to biological
transmutation from magnesium. Digoxin and lithium together can produce added
membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition. The role of membrane Na+-K+
ATPase inhibition in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and systemic disorders
is discussed. The inhibition of membrane Na+-K+ ATPase can
contribute to an increase in intracellular calcium and a decrease in magnesium,
which can result in a defective neurotransmitter transport mechanism,
mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, defective golgi body function and
protein processing dysfunction, immune dysfunction and oncogenesis.
Japan scientists studied several single-cell
organisms and tested biological transmutations using modern analytical
techniques. They found that the needed but missing elements were manufactured by
the organisms using elements that were present in the environment.
Reference :
Hisatoki Komaki, “Observations on biological cold
fusion or the biological transformation of elements”,
Proc. Fourth International Conf. on Cold Fusion,
Lahaina, Maui, Dec. 6-9. (1993), EPRI TR-104188-V4 (1994), p. 44,
Russian scientists placed various single-cell
organisms in heavy-water containing manganese sulphate. Iron-57 would result if
a nuclear reaction were to cause a deuteron to enter the nucleus of the
manganese. Production of iron-57 was detected using the Mössbauer effect, a
method which can easily determine the presence of this isotope at very low
levels and with no chance for mistaken identity. They found that iron-57 was
made at a constant rate when heavy-water and manganese were both present in the
growing cultures. No effect was seen when normal water was used or when the
manganese was absent.
Reference :
Vladimir I. Vysotskii, et al., “Experimental
discovery of phenomenon of low-energy nuclear transformation of isotopes
(Mn55=Fe57) in growing biological cultures”,
ISBN13: 9780841269668 -
ISBN10: 0841269661-hardback, 420 pages - Aug 2008,
Description
This book is a summary of selected experimental and
theoretical research performed over the last 19 years that gives profound and unambiguous evidence
for low energy nuclear reaction (LENR), historically known as cold fusion.
In 1989, the subject was announced with great fanfare, to the chagrin of
many people in the science community. However, the significant claim of its
discoverers, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, excess heat without
harmful neutron emissions or strong gamma radiation, involving
electrochemical cells using heavy water and palladium, has held strong.
In recent years, LENR, within the field of condensed matter nuclear science,
has begun to attract widespread attention and is regarded as a potential
alternative and renewable energy source to confront climate change and
energy scarcity. The aim of the research is to collect experimental findings
for LENR in order to present reasonable explanations and a conclusive
theoretical and practical working model.
The goal of the field is directed toward the fabrication of LENR devices
with unique commercial potential demonstrating an alternative energy source
that does not produce greenhouse gases, long-lived radiation or strong
prompt radiation. The idea of LENR has led to endless discussions about the
kinetic impossibility of intense nuclear reactions with high coulomb barrier
potential. However, recent theoretical work may soon shed light on this
mystery.
Understanding this process is one of the most challenging and perhaps
important issues in the scientific world. This book includes previously
unpublished studies, new and controversial theories to approach LENR with
access to new sources and experimental results. The book offers insight into
this controversial subject and will help readers re-evaluate their
perspective on LENR for a possible alternative energy source.
Jan Marwan, who built up his own research laboratory
in Berlin, Germany, to deeply investigate cold
fusion processes, is a specialized electrochemist
and focused his research on the electrochemical
properties of metal hydride systems.
Steven B. Krivit is the editor of the New Energy
Times online magazine and Executive Director of New
Energy Institute. He has been the lead journalist
investigating the LENR field for the last eight
years.
Extract from Prof. Dr.
Panos Pappas Transmutation Patent :
Another example of NMR is
the activation of sodium Na and oxygen O nucleus, so as to allow the
thermonuclear reaction Kervran-Pappas to take place:1
11Na23+8O16=19K39
+452.787 Kcal/mMol
That is, the activation of
nuclei takes place, and consequently so do nuclear reactions via Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance.
In this way, by selecting a
suitable electrical characteristic switches arrangement (14), FIGS. 2a
or 2b, a suitable self 45 induction L around 1 |iH for the
inductor), which is comprised of one, two or few twisted (21a) FIG. 3b
or parallel (21) FIG. 3a conductors a sufficiently high
electrical tension for the power supply and a suitable frequency for the
pulses produced by the unit (4) FIG. 1, an inductive oscillating 50 tension
in the exhibit (24) FIGS. 4a, 4b, can be achieved, which is
characterized by a specific resonant frequency, or resonant frequencies
spectrum.
Due to the fact that there
is not enough time between two cycles of operation, for the activated nuclei
to get de- 55 activated, the quantity of exhibit's (24) FIGS. 4a, 4b
activated nuclei (25) and/or electrons (25) FIGS. 4a, 4b and (26),
(27), (28), FIG. 5 increases after the repetition of each operational cycle
of the device, that is, by repeating the inductor (21) FIGS. 3a, or (21a)
FIG. 3b, current feeding 60 after each new charging of the
energy reservoir-capacitor (7) FIGS. 2a, 2b. The end result in
exhibit (24) FIGS. 4a, 4b is a function of the magnetic field's
intensity and the device's operation time.
Concerning specific
applications of this method for ion 65 transport or chemical and nuclear
reactions initiation, to which specific atoms nuclei or electrons react or
are being
transported, apart from inventor's previous invention
1001784/6/21995/OBI, no other method is known.
The present new method is
important because it does not require intervention or entry into exhibit
(24) FIGS. 4a, 4b, (e.g., using electrodes and/or chemical
substances), and because the induced electrical tension is momentarily very
powerful, because of the conductivity oscillations of the electronic switch
arrangement (14) FIG. 2a or of the plasma switch (14) FIG. 2b,
without the requirement for the initial power supply tension to be equally
as big.
Like the inventor's
previous invention #1001784/67 21995/OBI, the expected applications of the
present invention are similarly extended to a great technological and
scientific spectrum, where NMR and EPR, locomotion of charges, ions, nuclei
and specific atoms in inaccessible regions is required, for illustration in
Biology, Medicine, Chemical Industry, Nuclear Industry for selective energy
supply to Chemical and Nuclear reactions, initiation at will of
Chemical-Nuclear reactions, control of ChemicalNuclear reactions, catalysis
of chemical reactions for the supply of selected products between various
other products, which cannot possibly be separated with other methods of
energy supply, and the activation of exhibits with the Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (and/or Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) (26), (27), (28), FIG. 5
as it is employed today in the field of Diagnostics Medicine with great
success and effectiveness, the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance phenomenon which
is also based on the selective energy absorption by the atomic nuclei.
With this described method,
electromagnetic radiation (~l/r2) is not
produced to the greater percentage of the field's energy, because the
intensity of the produced field weakens very fast (-1/r3)
where r is the distance from the coil (21) FIGS. 4a, 4b.
The intensity of the field
is that of a magnetic dipole, inversely proportional to the third power of
the distance (1/r3), a fact that indicates
that the field's influence does not extend to a substantial distance and is
not radiated according to 1/r2 law.
The produced field
frequency can be outside the microwave band frequencies (being smaller),
with good results.
Obviously, a variation of
the proposed device-embodiment of the method described above, can also be
materialized by, nevertheless, using a second auxiliary magnetic field to
assist or to contribute together with the ambient Earth's magnetic field, in
restoring the disturbed (under precession as described above) spins of
nucleus and spins of electrons. Also, note, this second auxiliary field can
used as substitute for the Earth's magnetic field, in part or in all, or
this field can be used, being actually redundant, just for the shake of a
novelty, with the device producing the same results as described above.
Appendix: Calculation of
the Kervran-Pappas Nuclear Reaction Energy.
US Patent # 6,442,226 Accelerator-driven transmutation of spent fuel
elements Venneri, et al. Abstract -- An apparatus and method is
described for transmuting higher actinides, plutonium and selected fission
products in a liquid-fuel subcritical assembly. Uranium may also be enriched,
thereby providing new fuel for use in conventional nuclear power plants. An
accelerator provides the additional neutrons required to perform the processes.
The size of the accelerator needed to complete fuel cycle closure depends on the
neutron efficiency of the supported reactors and on the neutron spectrum of the
actinide transmutation apparatus. Treatment of spent fuel from light water
reactors (LWRs) using uranium-based fuel will require the largest accelerator
power, whereas neutron-efficient high temperature gas reactors (HTGRs) or CANDU
reactors will require the smallest accelerator power, especially if thorium is
introduced into the newly generated fuel according to the teachings of the
present invention. Fast spectrum actinide transmutation apparatus (based on
liquid-metal fuel) will take full advantage of the accelerator-produced source
neutrons and provide maximum utilization of the actinide-generated fission
neutrons. However, near-thermal transmutation apparatus will require lower
standing inventories of plutonium and higher actinides. Uranium, presently the
largest volume constituent in nuclear waste, is fully utilized and not
discharged as waste. Since no plutonium, higher actinides or fission products
are present in the reconstituted fuel elements, the present processes can be
used repeatedly. Since the performance of the existing reactors is not changed,
full utilization of both thorium and uranium resources is achieved.
US Patent # 6,233,299 Assembly for transmutation of a long-lived
radioactive material Wakabayashi Abstract -- A new transmutation assembly
permits an efficient transmutation of a long-lived radioactive material
(long-lived FP nuclides such as technetium-99 or iodine-129) which was produced
in the nuclear reactor. Wire-type members of a long-lived radioactive material
comprised of metals, alloys or compounds including long-lived FP nuclides are
surrounded by a moderator material and installed in cladding tubes to form FP
pins. The FP pins, and nothing else, are housed in a wrapper tube to form a
transmutation assembly. The wire-type members can be replaced by thin ring-type
members. The transmutation assemblies can be selectively and at least partly
loaded into a core region, a blanket region or a shield region of a reactor core
in a fast reactor. From a viewpoint of reducing the influence on the reactor
core characteristics, it is optimal to load the transmutation assemblies into
the blanket region.
US Patent # 6,233,298 Apparatus for transmutation of nuclear reactor
waste Bowman Abstract -- A subcritical reactor-like
apparatus for treating nuclear wastes, the apparatus comprising a vessel having
a shell and an internal volume, the internal volume housing graphite. The
apparatus having means for introducing a fluid medium comprising molten salts
and plutonium and minor actinide waste and/or fission products. The apparatus
also having means for introducing neutrons into the internal volume wherein
absorption of the neutrons after thermalization forms a processed fluid medium
through fission chain events averaging approximately 10 fission events to
approximately 100 fission events. The apparatus having additional means for
removing the processed fluid medium from the internal volume. The processed
fluid medium typically has no usefulness for production of nuclear weapons.
US Patent # 5,848,110 Method and apparatus for transmutation of
atomic nuclei Maenchen, et al. Abstract -- The present invention
addresses the problems outlined above. An accelerator based on a combination of
a high repetition rate high energy pulsed power supply (RHEPP) and a
magnetically-injected anode plasma (MAP) source diode is used to provide pulsed
particle beams having intermediate energy (0.2-20 MeV) and average power levels
of hundreds of kilowatts to megawatts. This will increase the rate of isotopic
production by 2-3 orders of magnitude over processes based on conventional
accelerators. Any gaseous ion can be accelerated with this technology (proton,
deuteron, and helium beams are of special interest). This capability can be
applied to transmute target nuclei selectively into desired isotopes. RHEPP/MAP
accelerators are also extremely power efficient and relatively small in size,
making application of small units practical in, for example, major local or
regional medical facilities. Finally, the use of relatively low beam particle
energies reduces or eliminates the problem of undesired products and the
subsequent generation of radioactive waste. Although the invention is being
discussed in terms of embodiment via the RHEPP/MAP system, any pulsed ion beam
generator having sufficient ion kinetic energy and total average beam current
can be used in the same manner.
US Patent # 5,764,715 Method and apparatus for transmutation of
atomic nuclei Maenchen, et al. Abstract -- Insuring a constant supply
of radioisotopes is of great importance to medicine and industry. This invention
addresses this problem, and helps to solve it by introducing a new apparatus for
transmutation of isotopes which enables swift and flexible production on demand.
US Patent # 5,160,696 Apparatus for nuclear transmutation and power
production using an intense accelerator-generated thermal neutron flux Bowman Abstract -- Apparatus for nuclear
transmutation and power production using an intense accelerator-generated
thermal neutron flux. High thermal neutron fluxes generated from the action of a
high power proton accelerator on a spallation target allows the efficient
burn-up of higher actinide nuclear waste by a two-step process. Additionally,
rapid burn-up of fission product waste for nuclides having small thermal neutron
cross sections, and the practicality of small material inventories while
achieving significant throughput derive from employment of such high fluxes.
Several nuclear technology problems are addressed including 1. nuclear energy
production without a waste stream requiring storage on a geological timescale,
2. the burn-up of defense and commercial nuclear waste, and 3. the production of
defense nuclear material. The apparatus includes an accelerator, a target for
neutron production surrounded by a blanket region for transmutation, a turbine
for electric power production, and a chemical processing facility. In all
applications, the accelerator power may be generated internally from fission and
the waste produced thereby is transmuted internally so that waste management
might not be required beyond the human lifespan.
US Patent # 6,738,446 System and method for radioactive waste
destruction Venneri, et al. Abstract -- A method for transmuting
spent fuel from a nuclear reactor includes the step of separating the waste into
components including a driver fuel component and a transmutation fuel component.
The driver fuel, which includes fissile materials such as Plutonium.sup.239, is
used to initiate a critical, fission reaction in a reactor. The transmutation
fuel, which includes non-fissile transuranic isotopes, is transmuted by thermal
neutrons generated during fission of the driver fuel. The system is designed to
promote fission of the driver fuel and reduce neutron capture by the driver
fuel. Reacted driver fuel is separated into transuranics and fission products
using a dry cleanup process and the resulting transuranics are mixed with
transmutation fuel and re-introduced into the reactor. Transmutation fuel from
the reactor is introduced into a second reactor for further transmutation by
neutrons generated using a proton beam and spallation target.
WO 02103709 // AU2001297883 Method and apparatus for the transmutation of
nuclear waste with tandem production of tritium Inventor: EL-SHARAWY EL-BADAWY A Abstract -- The transmutation of
radioactive material using a hybrid transmutation reactor is disclosed wherein a
kinetic proton source is used to collisionally induce the transmutation of
radioactive material with the generation of thermal neutrons as a byproduct.
Additionally, a system and method for the production of Tritium utilizing the
thermal neutrons generated in the transmutation process is further described.
The present invention offers advantages and improvements over existing nuclear
reactor technologies in that nuclear waste may be rendered inert, or otherwise
at least partially deactivated and/or made less dangerous, with the
substantially simultaneous production of energy and/or Tritium as a byproduct of
the transmutation process.
JP2009128300 ELEMENT TRANSMUTATION METHOD AND ENERGY
GENERATION METHOD Inventor: YABUUCHI NORIO Abstract -- PROBLEM TO
BE SOLVED: To achieve a reliable method to output energy using nucleus
condensation. ; SOLUTION: Deuterium nuclei are coordinated at vertical angle
positions of each face constituting a regular hexahedron, inside a metallic
crystal. Electrons are coordinated to the other vertical angle positions. By
Coulomb attraction acting between four protons and four electrons, four
deuterium nuclei are fused to transmute into two helium atoms.
JP2009128052 NUCLEAR BATTERY Inventor: ITO TAKEHIKO ; IWAMURA YASUHIRO Abstract -- PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To
provide a nuclear battery using charged particles generated through the nuclear
reaction of an aggregation system. ; SOLUTION: The nuclear battery includes a
container, a reaction film consisting of a structure with palladium, palladium
alloy, hydrogen-absorbing metals, other than palladium or palladium alloy and a
substance whose work function is lower than those of them and a transmutation
substance layer containing a substance to be transmuted which is put into
contact with the surface of the structure; a high-concentration deuterium
section and a low-concentration deuterium section formed by dividing the
container with the reaction film to form a closed space which can be sealed by
the container and the reaction film; an electrode plate, set opposite to the
reaction film in the high-concentration deuterium section; a deuterium supply
means for supplying deuterium gas to the high-concentration deuterium section;
and an evacuation means for evacuating the low-concentration deuterium section.
RU2343575 METHOD OF LONG-LIVING RADIONUCLIDES FIXATION
FOR STORAGE AND TRANSMUTATION
Inventor: TIKHONOV VALERIJ IVANOVICH [RU] ; KAPUSTIN VALERIAN KONSTANTINOVICH Abstract -- Invention relates to field
of liquid radioactive wastes recycling. Long-living radionuclides are isolated
from nitric acid solution of used nuclear fuel (UNF) into solid phase in form of
acetates, oxides and other compounds, which do not contain elements strongly
activated with neutrons. Radionuclides are imbedded and fixed in carbon matrix.
Carbon matrix is obtained in process of carrying out reaction of metal acetates
with excess of phthalonitryl and their further pyrolysis. For radionuclides
isolated from UNF in form of oxides or other compounds, carbon matrix is
obtained by their mixing with yttrium acetate, then synthesis and pyrolysis of
yttrium diphthalocyanine are carried out. Operation of synthesis and pyrolysis
of yttrium diphthalocyanine is carried out in inert atmosphere, pyrolysis is
carried out at T=850-1100 DEG C. Obtained carbon matrix does not contain
elements strongly activated with neutrons, which allows using it both for
long-term storage and for transmutation of long-living radionuclides without any
chemical processing and additional operations. ^ EFFECT: obtaining carbon matrix
which can be used both for long-term storage and for transmutation of
long-living radionuclides without any chemical processing and additional
operations.
US2008232532 Apparatus and Method for Generation of Ultra
Low Momentum Neutrons Inventor: LARSEN LEWIS G [US] ; WIDOM ALAN Abstract -- Method and apparatus for
generating ultra low momentum neutrons (ULMNs) using surface plasmon polariton
electrons, hydrogen isotopes, surfaces of metallic substrates, collective
many-body effects, and weak interactions in a controlled manner. The ULMNs can
be used to trigger nuclear transmutation reactions and produce heat. One aspect
of the present invention effectively provides a "transducer" mechanism that
permits controllable two-way transfers of energy back-and-forth between chemical
and nuclear realms in a small-scale, low-energy, scalable condensed matter
system at comparatively modest temperatures and pressures.
NL1033078 Energy generating process, by applying voltage
between cathode comprising transmutation elements and anode in reactor vessel
containing plasma Inventor: GEUS ARIE MELIS DE [US] Abstract-- The process
comprises the following steps: (A) adding hydrogen to a reactor vessel (6)
containing a cathode (8), anode (9) and optionally an ionization element; the
cathode comprises a primary and secondary transmutation element, the cores of
which contain more neutrons than protons; the primary element contains a neutron
with a preferable orientation; (B) ionizing at least some of the hydrogen to
form a plasma; (C) applying a voltage difference with a given time character
between the cathode and anode, causing a flow of protons towards the cathode, to
which they become temporarily bonded; the transmutation elements next to the
cathode surface and in the resulting plasma vortex fuse to form an element with
a higher mass number and a second element or molecule with a lower mass number;
and (D) collecting the radiation, which can be converted directly into
electricity or heat.
US2008123793 Thermal power production device utilizing
nanoscale confinement Inventor: LOAN JAMES F [US] ; COOPER WILLIAM Abstract -- Disclosed herein is a device
for generating thermal energy through a nuclear transmutation reaction when a
hydrogen containing fuel comes into contact with a nanotube containing element
in a reaction vessel for containing the nuclear transmutation reaction. The
device further includes an energy absorption vessel containing an energy
absorption fluid that absorbs energetic particles resulting from the
transmutation reaction and a heat transfer system for transferring thermal
energy of the energy absorption fluid to a working fluid, such as water. A
method of generating power using such a device is also disclosed.
NL1031962 Energy generating process for producing
electricity, comprises electron discharge in flow of nitrogen or air in order to
cause nuclear transmutation of nitrogen into carbon monoxide Inventor: GEUS
ARIE MELIS DE Abstract -- A flow of nitrogen or air,
or a plasma thereof, through a reactor (1) is exposed to an electron discharge,
resulting in the nuclear transmutation of gaseous nitrogen into carbon monoxide,
followed by oxidation of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. A method for
generating energy comprises passing a continuous flow of nitrogen or air, or a
plasma thereof, through an optionally enclosed reactor in which electron
discharge takes place, resulting in the nuclear transmutation of gaseous
nitrogen into carbon monoxide, followed by oxidation of the carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for the process apparatus,
comprising a reactor with a pressure reducing means (6) and an inlet (7) for
providing an intermittent supply of nitrogen or air; at least one cathode and at
least one anode on the inner side of the reactor space ends; a means connected
to the cathode (4) and anode (5), used for generating high voltage pulses with a
predetermined waveform and frequency between the cathode and anode; a casing
around the reactor, through which air flows in order to be heated by the process
heat from the reactor; and optional conduits for recirculating the heat-laden
air back to the casing.
US2007297554 Method And System For Production Of
Radioisotopes, And Radioisotopes Produced Thereby Inventor: LAVIE EFRAIM [IL] ; SILVERMAN IDO Abstract -- A system and method for the
production of radioisotopes by the transmutation of target isotopic material
bombarded by a continuous wave particle beam. An ion source generates a
continuous wave ion beam, irradiating an isotope target, which is cooled by
transferring heat away from the target at heat fluxes of at least about 1 kW/cm.
CN101061552 System and method for radioactive waste
destruction Inventor: MIKE VENNERI FRANCESCO BAXTER Abstract -- A method for transmuting
spent fuel from a nuclear reactor includes the step of separating the waste into
components including a driver fuel component and a transmutation fuel component.
The driver fuel, which includes fissile materials such as Plutonium<239>, is
used to initiate a critical, fission reaction in a reactor. The transmutation
fuel, which includes non-fissile transuranic isotopes, is transmuted by thermal
neutrons generated during fission of the driver fuel. The system is designed to
promote fission of the driver fuel and reduce neutron capture by the driver
fuel. Reacted driver fuel is separated into transuranics and fission products
using a dry cleanup process and the resulting transuranics are mixed with
transmutation fuel and re-introduced into the reactor. Transmutation fuel from
the reactor is introduced into a second reactor for further transmutation by
neutrons generated using a proton beam and spallation target.
JP2007322202 METHOD, DEVICE AND PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING
NUCLEAR REACTION IN FLOCCULATION SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR DETECTING SUBSTANCE
AFTER NUCLIDE TRANSMUTATION Inventor: ITO TAKEHIKO ; IWAMURA YASUHIRO Abstract -- PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To
provide a method for predicting nuclear reaction in a flocculation system which
enables high-accuracy prediction of the nuclear reaction. ; SOLUTION: In the
method for predicting the nuclear reaction in the flocculation system, where a
substance which is subjected to nuclide transmutation is placed in contact with
a structure in the flocculation system and deuterium is made to flow into it to
induce nuclear reaction in the substance which is subjected to nuclide
transmutation; a substance where 2n (n is a natural number) is added to both the
atomic number and the mass number, respectively of the substance to which
nuclide transmutation is given is predicted as being the substance to be
generated after the nuclide transmutation.
US2005082469 Neutron-driven element transmuter Inventor: CARLO RUBBIA Abstract -- A material is exposed to a
neutron flux by distributing it in a neutron-diffusing medium surrounding a
neutron source. The diffusing medium is transparent to neutrons and so arranged
that neutron scattering substantially enhances the neutron flux to which the
material is exposed. Such enhanced neutron exposure may be used to produce
useful radioisotopes, in particular for medical applications, from the
transmutation of readily-available isotopes included in the exposed material. It
may also be used to efficiently transmute long-lived radioactive wastes, such as
those recovered from spent nuclear fuel. The use of heavy elements, such as lead
and/or bismuth, as the diffusing medium is particularly of interest, since it
results in a slowly decreasing scan through the neutron energy spectrum, thereby
permitting very efficient resonant neutron capture in the exposed material.
JP2005062025 METHOD FOR INCREASING NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION
QUANTITY FROM NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION DEVICE AND NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION DEVICE Inventor: SAKANO MITSURU ; ITO TAKEHIKO Abstract -- PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To
provide a method for increasing a nuclide quantity which enables transmutation
from a nuclear transmutation device in the first nuclear transmutation process,
and a nuclear transmutation device. ; SOLUTION: With this method, a nuclear
transmutation quantity from a nuclear transmutation device is increased by a
process for applying electrolysis process or plasma treatment to a surface of a
structure including a hydrogen occlusion metal, and adding a material causing
nuclear transmutation to the surface.
US2004047443 Electron capture by magnetic resonance Inventor(s): BONDOC EDWIN L [PH] Also published as: WO03019219 (A1)
Abstract -- The process of capturing
electron by subjecting proton to magnetic resonance until its magnetic moment is
in opposite direction relative to the electron's magnetic moment. As soon as the
particles' magnetic moments are opposite in direction, spinlocking technique is
applied for a period of time to induce transmutation of the particles and the
consequent reactions of the product with an adjacent particle or a group of
particles and the release of energy.
WO03098640 PROCESSING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS WITH HYDROGEN
ISOTOPE NUCLEI Inventor: DASH JOHN
Abstract -- A method for processing radioactive materials is disclosed.
The method employs hydrogen isotope nuclei for the treatment of radioactive
materials, such as uranium, and effectively increases the observed decay rate of
such materials. Therefore, the disclosed method allows remediation of dangerous
radioactive materials, such as uranium, without requiring long term,
geologically-stable storage sites or costly, accelerator -based transmutation
equipment.
US2003210759 Nuclide transmutation device and nuclide
transmutation method Inventor: IWAMURA YASUHIRO [JP] ; ITOH
TAKEHIKO Abstract -- The present invention
produces nuclide transmutation using a relatively small-scale device. The device
10 that produces nuclide transmutation comprises a structure body 11 that is
substantially plate shaped and made of palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy, or
another metal that absorbs hydrogen (for example, Ti) or an alloy thereof, and a
material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation laminated on one surface 11A
among the two surfaces of this structure body 11. The one surface 11A side of
the structure body 11, for example, is made a region in which the pressure of
the deuterium is high due to pressure or electrolysis and the like, and the
other surface 11B side, for example, is a region in which the pressure of the
deuterium is low due to vacuum exhausting and the like, and thereby, a flow of
deuterium in the structure body 11 is produced, and nuclide transmutation is
carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material 14 that
undergoes nuclide transmutation.
US2003138068 Method for transmutation of long-lived
radioactive isotopes into short-lived or stable isotopes Inventor: BUTTSEV VLADIMIR STEPANOVICH [RU] ;
BUTTSEVA GALINA LECNIDOVNA
Abstract -- The invention relates to nuclear physics and can be used for
neutralizing long-lived radioactive isotopes contained, for example, in
radioactive waste (RW) of the nuclear engineering. A radioactive isotope
undergoes exposure to electromagnetic radiation and a deep ionization of the
isotope atoms is performed. Deep ionization of the atoms results in an
energy-permitted expedient B-decay thereof prohibited in a neutral state.
Measures are taken in order to prevent ionized atoms from recombination with
short-lived nucleus. The retention time must be long enough to transmit at least
a part of the parent nucleus into the short-lived and stable daughter nucleus.
For ensuring a factor k of an operating time of said daughter nucleus, the
retention is performed at least during a time Ki, i is a life time of the parent
nucleus at the expedient B-decay. A charge-particle beam (electrons, protons or
ions) is used for electromagnetic irradiation. The charge-particle beam
irradiation can be combined with the photon flux irradiation. The intentive
method makes it possible to speed up the transmutation of the long-lived
radioactive isotopes without using nuclear collisional reactions accompanied by
the production of radioactive co-products.
JP2004117106 STRUCTURE FOR NUCLIDE TRANSMUTATION AND METHOD
FOR FORMING IT Inventor: ITO TAKEHIKO ; SAKANO MITSURU Abstract -- PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To
provide a structure for transmuting nuclides with a relatively small-scale
device and a means for manufacturing the structure. ; SOLUTION: A mixed layer
consisting of lamination layers of a Pd layer and a layer of a substance which
has a smaller work function than Pd is placed on a substrate made of Pd, a Pd
alloy, other metals occluding hydrogen or alloys of these metals, the structure
shaped like an approximate plate where an additional Pd layer is placed on the
mixed layer is formed and a substance which is given nuclide transmutation is
supplied to the Pd layer of the structure. The substance which is supplied to
the Pd layer and is given nuclide transmutation is acceptable if it has become
metallic, and salt may adhere to the surface of it. Electrodeposition and ion
implantation can be used as a means for supplying the substance which is given
nuclide transmutation.
RU2210630 FACILITY FOR GENERATION OF GAS MIXTURE AND
TRANSMUTATION OF NUCLEI OF ATOMS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Inventor: KANAREV F M ; PODOBEDOV V Abstract -- Facility for generation of
gas mixture and transmutation of nuclei of atoms of chemical elements has body
made of dielectric material with though hole, interelectrode chamber, cooling
chamber for vapor condensation, vessel for working solution, branch pipes to
feed and drain working solution, anode connected to positive pole of power
supply source and cathode connected to negative pole of power supply source.
Body has upper boss with internal cavity. Cathode is brought into cathode space
from above through axial hole of upper boss. Internal space of boss communicates
with cooling chamber which space is connected to vessel for working solution.
EFFECT: simultaneous generation of gas mixture and transmutation of nuclei of
atoms of chemical elements.
US2003226401 Atomic structure recognition and modification
method and apparatus Inventor: LETOVSKY HOWARD Also published as: US2005145031 //
US2005155340 (A1) Abstract -- The present invention
provides methods and apparatus for determining the precise makeup of atomic and
molecular structures, as well as providing the capability of modifying said
structures. The invention uses induced resonant frequency wave effects to define
and modify the electromagnetic, electrical, radioactive, atomic weight, and
co-valent bonding characteristics of matter. One embodiment of the present
invention may produce directionally controllable magnetic fields in gaseous
media that interact with magnetically polarized vehicle surfaces to allow
high-speed, highly energy efficient inter-planetary space travel. Another
embodiment of the invention may neutralize waste products remaining from nuclear
fission power production. The invention utilizes controlled multi-spectrum
frequency induction to catalyze changes in atomic structures that may include:
focused and dramatically amplified release of energy relative to natural states
of matter; production of new alloys; transmutation of dangerous organic
compounds into non-toxic media; and controlled polarization of matter. The
benefits of the invention may include highly efficient interstellar spacecraft
propulsion systems, hazardous waste elimination systems, efficient electricity
production, and health enhancement of biological organisms.
EP1202290 Nuclide transmutation device and nuclide
transmutation method Inventor: IWAMURA YASUHIRO [JP] ; ITOH
TAKEHIKO Abstract -- The present invention
produces nuclide transmutation using a relatively small-scale device. The device
(10) that produces nuclide transmutation comprises a structure body (11) that is
substantially plate shaped and made of palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy, or
another metal that absorbs hydrogen (for example, Ti) or an alloy thereof, and a
material (14) that undergoes nuclide transmutation laminated on one surface
(11A) among the two surfaces of this structure body (11).; The one surface (11A)
side of the structure body (11), for example, is a region in which the pressure
of the deuterium is high due to pressure or electrolysis and the like, and the
other surface (11B) side, for example, is a region in which the pressure of the
deuterium is low due to vacuum exhausting and the like, and thereby, a flow of
deuterium in the structure body (11) is produced, and nuclide transmutation is
carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material (14) that
undergoes nuclide transmutation.
WO0231833 NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATIONAL PROCESSES Inventor: DE GEUS ARIE MELIs Abstract -- The invention relates to a
method of generating energy, comprising the steps of: a. introducing hydrogen in
a reactor vessel, the vessel comprising a cathode, an anode and an ionization
element, the cathode comprising a primary and a secondary transmutational
element, the transmutational elements having in their nucleus a number of
neutrons which is larger than the number of protons, and wherein at least one
neutron has a preferred orientation; b. Ionizing at least a part of the hydrogen
with the ionization element to form a plasma, c. Applying a voltage differential
across the cathode and the anode, causing protons to travel to the cathode and
to induce a transmutation of the transmutational elements which combine to form
an element of higher mass number than the mass number of said transmutational
elements under the release of energy; and d. collecting heat and/or on other
energy formed in step c. In a preferred embodiment the primary transmutational
element comprises formula (i) or any combination thereof, whereas the secondary
transmutational element comprises formula (ii) or any combination thereof.
WO 03025951 // HU0103762 MULTI-STEP, TIME PROGRAMMED PROCEDURE FOR THE
TRANSMUTATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES... Inventor: CSOM GYULA DR [HU] ; ASZODI ATTILA
DR Abstract -- A radiocactive waste
containing medium is circulated within two or more systems (1,2,3) separated
from each other flowtechnically; and the circulated radioactive waste is exposed
to neutron radiations of different energy spectrum in each system by operating a
reactor physically united entirety of irradiated sections of the said systems as
a nuclear reactor or an accelerator driven subcritical system. Each system
(1,2,3) has a heat exchanger (9,10) and, in given cases, a circulating pump
(10,21) and an expansion tank (5,16,27). The disclosed apparatus has two or more
reactor regions (1,2,3) separated from each other by partitions (37,38) and,
preferably, arranged coaxially within a reactor space encircled by a common
shell structure (39). A particle beam (45) produced by a particle accelerator is
preferably directed into the innermost reactor region
US2002169351 Remediation of radioactive waste by stimulated
radioactive decay Inventor: BROWN PAUL Abstract -- Disclosed is a radioactive
waste treatment process for transmuting long-lived radioisotopes into
short-lived radioisotopes through applied nuclear physics. Nuclear reactions,
specifically of the (gamma, n) type, also known as photodisintegration, are
utilized to accomplish this transmutation from troublesome, long-lived
radioactive waste isotope(s) of given atomic mass to shorter-lived or stable
materials of lower atomic mass, by exposing the troublesome isotopes to a high
energy photon flux for a sustained time. Generally speaking, the target nucleus
of the radioisotope(s) to be treated is irradiated by gamma photons of an energy
greater than the binding energy of the neutron in the target nucleus. This
causes the irradiated nucleus to absorb the gamma rays, thereby placing the
nucleus in an excited state. Upon relaxation, the nucleus ejects a neutron
through the (gamma, n) reaction, thereby transmuting the element to an isotope
of lower atomic mass and shorter half-life.
RU2212072 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TRANSMUTATION OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES Inventor: LEVADNYJ VALENTIN ALEKSANDROVI [BY]
; RUTKOVSKAJA KRISTINA KONSTANTI Abstract -- Proposed method and device
are intended for power generation, transmutation of radioactive wastes, burnout
of weapon plutonium and actinides. Interaction of neutron beam coming from
neutron generator is effected on lead matrix wherein nuclear fuel and
radioactive wastes are distributed; then they are decelerated and bred in
subcritical thermal core. Device implementing this method has its central target
made in the form of lead matrix with nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes
distributed therein. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency of transmutation process.
RU2156001 RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE Inventor: TARATORIN B I ; IVANOV S D Abstract -- Radioactive wastes are
placed in nuclear explosion zone of weapon plutonium wherein intensive neutron
flux is allowed to pass through them to convert them to steam that condenses
into particles measuring about 10-6 cm. Neutron flux and heat energy released
due to explosion of weapon plutonium cause transmutation of nuclides in desired
quantities and their separation into long- and short-living ones in condensed
state from steam by centrifuging. Proposed technique provides for using products
of explosion to produce electrical energy and transuranium elements. EFFECT:
provision for peaceful use of weapon plutonium.
US6233298 Apparatus for transmutation of nuclear reactor
waste Inventor: BOWMAN CHARLES Abstract -- A subcritical reactor-like
apparatus for treating nuclear wastes, the apparatus comprising a vessel having
a shell and an internal volume, the internal volume housing graphite. The
apparatus having means for introducing a fluid medium comprising molten salts
and plutonium and minor actinide waste and/or fission products. The apparatus
also having means for introducing neutrons into the internal volume wherein
absorption of the neutrons after thermalization forms a processed fluid medium
through fission chain events averaging approximately 10 fission events to
approximately 100 fission events. The apparatus having additional means for
removing the processed fluid medium from the internal volume. The processed
fluid medium typically has no usefulness for production of nuclear weapons.
US6233299 Assembly for transmutation of a long-lived
radioactive material Inventor: WAKABAYASHI TOSHIO
Abstract -- A new transmutation assembly permits an efficient
transmutation of a long-lived radioactive material (long-lived FP nuclides such
as technetium-99 or iodine-129) which was produced in the nuclear reactor.
Wire-type members of a long-lived radioactive material comprised of metals,
alloys or compounds including long-lived FP nuclides are surrounded by a
moderator material and installed in cladding tubes to form FP pins. The FP pins,
and nothing else, are housed in a wrapper tube to form a transmutation assembly.
The wire-type members can be replaced by thin ring-type members. The
transmutation assemblies can be selectively and at least partly loaded into a
core region, a blanket region or a shield region of a reactor core in a fast
reactor. From a viewpoint of reducing the influence on the reactor core
characteristics, it is optimal to load the transmutation assemblies into the
blanket region.
DE19803629 Transmutation of isotopes with long half life
Inventor: HORA HEINRICH Abstract -- For the transmutation of
long half-life isotopes, their surfaces are exposed to an electrolyte or a gas
or plasma atmosphere to form intermediate layers or vol. zones of a number of
structure layers. The threshold zones are placed against a carrier material or
close to vol. zones of metals or metal layers, composed of metals capable of
absorbing \-1 atom% of hydrogen or its isotope.
US5848110 Method and apparatus for transmutation of
atomic nuclei Inventor: MAENCHEN JOHN ERIC [US] ; RUIZ
CARLOS LEON Abstract -- Insuring a constant supply
of radioisotopes is of great importance to medicine and industry. This invention
addresses this problem, and helps to solve it by introducing a new apparatus for
transmutation of isotopes which enables swift and flexible production on demand.
WO9919881 LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYTIC NUCLEAR
TRANSMUTATION
Inventor: PATTERSON JAMES A [US] ; MILEY GEORGE Abstract -- A method for producing low
temperature nuclear transmutations by electrolysis in an aqueous media. New
elements produced by transmutation are identified as having discrete peaks in
occurrence by atomic number (Z) and by atomic mass (A). New complex nuclei
produced by transmutation are idendified as having existed based upon the nature
and occurrences of fission transmutation elements produced. The electrolytic
cell (12) includes a non-conductive housing (14) having an inlet (54) and an
outlet (56) and spaced apart first and second conductive grids (38 & 44)
positioned therein. A plurality of cross-linked polymer non-metallic cores each
having a uniform conductive exterior metallic surface formed of a high hydrogen
absorbing material form a bed (35) of conductive beads (36) closely packed
within the housing (14) in electrical contact with the first grid (38) adjacent
the inlet (54). An electric power source (15, 16) in the system (10) is operably
connected across the first and second grids
WO9803699 NUCLEAR TRANSMUTED ELEMENTS HAVING UNNATURAL
ISOTOPIC DISTRIBUTIONS BY ELECTROLYSIS AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION
Inventor: PATTERSON JAMES A [US] ; MILEY GEORGE Abstract -- A method for producing low
temperature nuclear transmutations which occur during electrolysis in an aqueous
medium within a cell (12). New elements produced by transmutation during
operation of the cell are both higher and lower in atomic mass than the original
element undergoing transmutation. Many of the new elements also exhibit isotopic
shifts from natural isotope abundance. The electrolytic cell (12) includes a
non-conductive housing (14) having an inlet (54) and an outlet (56) and spaced
apart first and second conductive grids (38 and 44) positioned within the
housing (14).; A plurality of preferably cross-linked polymer non-metallic cores
each having a uniform conductive exterior metallic surface formed of a high
hydrogen absorbing material, such as a metallic hydride forming material, form a
bed (35) of conductive beads (36) closely packed within the housing (14) in
electrical contact with the first grid (38) adjacent the inlet (54). An electric
power source (15, 16) in the system (10) is operably connected across the first
and second grid (38 and 44) whereby electrical current flows between the grids
(38 and 44) and within the aqueous medium (59) flowing through the cell (12)
during cell operation.
US6442226 //
WO9747015 Accelerator-driven transmutation of spent fuel
elements Inventor: VENNERI FRANCESCO [US] ; WILLIAMSON
MARK Abstract -- An apparatus and method is
described for transmuting higher actinides, plutonium and selected fission
products in a liquid-fuel subcritical assembly. Uranium may also be enriched,
thereby providing new fuel for use in conventional nuclear power plants. An
accelerator provides the additional neutrons required to perform the processes.
The size of the accelerator needed to complete fuel cycle closure depends on the
neutron efficiency of the supported reactors and on the neutron spectrum of the
actinide transmutation apparatus. Treatment of spent fuel from light water
reactors (LWRs) using uranium-based fuel will require the largest accelerator
power, whereas neutron-efficient high temperature gas reactors (HTGRs) or CANDU
reactors will require the smallest accelerator power, especially if thorium is
introduced into the newly generated fuel according to the teachings of the
present invention. Fast spectrum actinide transmutation apparatus (based on
liquid-metal fuel) will take full advantage of the accelerator-produced source
neutrons and provide maximum utilization of the actinide-generated fission
neutrons. However, near-thermal transmutation apparatus will require lower
standing inventories of plutonium and higher actinides. Uranium, presently the
largest volume constituent in nuclear waste, is fully utilized and not
discharged as waste. Since no plutonium, higher actinides or fission products
are present in the reconstituted fuel elements, the present processes can be
used repeatedly. Since the performance of the existing reactors is not changed,
full utilization of both thorium and uranium resources is achieved.
WO9740211 SYSTEM, ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD FOR
PRODUCING EXCESS HEAT AND FOR TRANSMUTATION BY ELECTROLYSIS Inventor: PATTERSON JAMES A [US] ; MILEY
GEORGE Abstract -- An electrolytic cell (12),
system (10) and method for producing excess quantities of heat as a result of
low temperature nuclear transmutations which occur during electrolysis in an
aqueous media within the cell (12). The electrolytic cell (12) includes a
non-conductive housing (14) having an inlet (54) and an outlet (56) and spaced
apart first and second conductive grids (38 & 44) positioned within the housing
(14). A plurality of preferably cross linked polymer non-metallic cores each
having a uniform conductive exterior metallic surface formed of a high hydrogen
absorbing material, such as metallic hybride forming material, form a bed (35)
of conductive beads (36) closely packed within the housing (14) in electrical
contact with the first grid (38) adjacent the inlet (54).; An electric power
source (15, 16) in the system (10) is operably connected across the first and
second grid (38 & 44) whereby electrical current flows between the grids (38 &
44) and within the aqueous media (59) flowing through the cell (12).
RU2052223 METHOD FOR PRODUCING STABLE ISOTOPES DUE TO
NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION... Inventor: VYSOTSKIJ VLADIMIR I [RU] ;
KORNILOVA ALLA
RU2034414 ACCELERATING COMPLEX FOR TRANSMUTATION OF
NUCLEAR PRODUCTION WASTE Inventor: DANILOV MIKHAIL M [RU] ; KATARZHNOV
YURIJ
GB2246467
Transmutation treatment of radioactive wastes Inventor: KONASHI KENJI ; SASAO NOBUYUKI
Abstract -- A method for the
transmutation treatment of radioactive wastes comprises: accelerating
radioactive nuclides contained in the radioactive wastes to be treated to an
energy level corresponding to a compound nucleus resonance level; and bombarding
the accelerated nuclides into a thermal neutron field, which is under a magnetic
field, to cause the compound nucleus resonance reaction to occur; thereby
transforming the radioactive nuclides into those which are more stable or have
shorter life. The nuclides are accelerated in accelerator 9 then passed into an
annular-cylindrical chamber 3 positioned about a reactor 1 where they are
treated with neutrons. US4721596 // EP0030404 Method for net decrease of hazardous
radioactive nuclear waste materials
Inventor: MARRIOTT RICHARD [US] ; HENYEY FRANK Abstract -- A method for decreasing the
amount of hazardous radioactive reactor waste materials by separating from the
waste of materials having long-term risk potential and exposing these materials
to a thermal neutron flux. The utilization of thermal neutrons enhances the
natural decay rates of the hazardous materials while the separation for
recycling of the hazardous materials prevents further transmutation of stable
and short-lived nuclides.
GB970091 Transmutation of elements Inventor: NOEL IGNATIUS RAFFERTY Abstract -- A process for the synthesis
of helium and the simultaneous generation of energy comprises admixing in a
steel pressure-tight vessel in presence of air following reactants in the
following order: aluminium in a physical form presenting a large volume/surface
ratio, solid sodium hydroxide, and water in the ratio of 4 : 8 : 8. The reaction
is stated to be thermonuclear involving the carbon cycle proposed by Bethe, the
effect of which is to transmute hydrogen into helium.
